The retrospective history of the Republic of Portugal

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1974—25th anniversary of Portugal's revolution—1999
Workers Soldarity, October 1999. On April 25th 1974 a radical faction within the Portuguese Armed Forces, the MFA, revolted against the government. Until that day Portugal had been under a fascist dictatorship for over half a century. Whether the MFA was left or right wing inclined was unclear at the time. The military revolt created a space where people could effect change in their lives and the opportunity was grasped eagerly.
Carnation revolution
By Mia Couto, Le Monde diplomatique, April 2004. Thirty years ago this month young officers ended Portugal's 40-year dictatorship with the bloodless carnation revolution that led to independence for its African colonies. The victims of fascism and colonialism felt pure happiness, others had less obvious reasons for celebrating.
Thirty years since the Portuguese Revolution—Part 1
By Paul Mitchell, World Socialist Web Site, 15 July 2004. This year marks the 30th anniversary of Portugal's Carnation Revolution. Following a military coup on April 25, 1974, a mass movement of the working class threatened to lead to revolution. The ruling elite was able to prevent revolution by using the services of the Socialist Party (PSP—Partido Socialista Português), Portuguese Communist Party (PCP—Partido Comunista Português) and the left radical groups.
Thirty years since the Portuguese Revolution—Part 2
By Paul Mitchell, World Socialist Web Site, 16 July 2004. Following the military coup on April 25, 1974, an explosive movement of the working class threatened to lead to revolution in Portugal. The coup was led by the Armed Forces Movement (MFA, Movimento das Forças Armadas), which installed General António de Spínola as president and head of a seven-man Junta (JNS).
Thirty years since the Portuguese Revolution—Part 3
By Paul Mitchell, World Socialist Web Site, 17 July 2004. FUR was a popular front set up to betray the revolution at the most critical time and it was to receive the support of most of the radical groups. These groups claimed the MFA (Armed Forces Movement—Movimento das Forças Armadas) / COPCON (Continental Operations Command—Comando Operacional do Continente) proposals were a valid basis of work for the elaboration of a revolutionary political programme.