The contemporary political history of Europe as a whole

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• The history in general of Europe as a whole
• The history of NATO-EU imperialism beyond just Europe

• The history of NATO within Europe
• The history of the European Social Forums (ESF)
• Organization for Security in Europe (OSCE)

Energy charter: Unions call for social protocol

From ICEM Update, 4 June 1996. ICEM and its affiliates call for a Social Protocol to be added to the Energy Charter Treaty.

Middle powers could create crisis response force: Chretien

From Marpessa Kupendua, 4 December 1996. Reactionary European leaders and military expansionism.

The leftward political trend in Europe

By William Pomeroy, People's Weekly World, 21 June 1997. Electoral gains by socialists and communists have moved forward the social chapter of the Maastrict Treaty.

U.S. leading the G-7—but who's following?

By William Pomeroy, People's Weekly World, 12 July 1997. European leaders challenge US superpower arrogance.

With Times Tough, Fascism Coming Back

By Martin A. Lee, Los Angeles Times, 21 September 1997. Fascism has revived but has had to change its style. Attacks on immigrants and the Maastrict Treaty.

How to spot a new-centre socialist

By Peter Cook, The Globe and Mail, Monday 26 October 1998. The bourgeois who is a bourgeois for the benefit of the working class is still with us, and may be found among the new-centre socialist leaders, flanked by Green, Communist, even Conservative allies, who now rule the continent.

How left is left in Europe?

By Serge Halimi, Le Monde diplomatique, December 1998. The relationship between the end (the transformation of society) and the means (the compromises dictated by economic realism). The appearance of several left-leaning governments in Europe has given rise to analyses of the differences between their various approaches.

Privatising social democracy

By Josi Vidal-Beneyto, Le Monde diplomatique, July 1999. The new centre in Europe launched by Tony Blair and Gerhard Schroder has a clear electoral agenda. The retreat of liberal fundamentalism and dissatisfaction with the social insensitivity of the neo-liberal proposals and disenchantment with the old Christian Democrat programs represents a rich source of votes that the two Social Democrat leaders think they can seize with a minimal risk of losses on their left flank.